Step 1 – Calculating Gestational Age. In the U.S., healthcare professionals typically calculate the length of a pregnancy by gestational age. Trying to do time calculations but ending up with a random number? Calculating time in Excel can be frustrating if you don't know how. This explains all. Calculating Electrical Labor Costs | Electrical Construction & Maintenance (EC& M) Magazine. Last month we discussed the importance of properly estimating total labor hours when determining a bid price. However, this is only one step in the process. Accurately estimating the labor cost for a job is just as important, and it can be the difference between making money and losing it. To determine the estimated labor cost for a job, multiply the total adjusted labor man- hours by the labor rate per man- hour. This is not as easy as it appears. First, you must determine the anticipated labor required to complete the project (total adjusted labor man- hours). Use the time- tested labor units based on the material needs of the project, adjusting those labor units to accommodate the expected working conditions of the job, and then add any additional labor not included in the original take- off (see last month's article, “Labor Hours and the Estimate Summary,” page 4. Second, determine an appropriate labor rate per man- hour. Again, this is not as easy as you might think. You have to decide if you're going to use a shop average labor rate or a weighted job average labor rate. The labor cost per man- hour is significantly different in different areas of the country. When copying hundreds of small files/folders on Windows, the calculating phase of Windows often takes a really long time before anything starts actually being copied. Calculating The Value Of Human Tissue Donation Donating tissue is full of contradictions: A gift of generosity fuels a $1 billion industry. When a company provides marketing resource s for their employees, they are controlling the message and image that is being portrayed to the general public. A Primer on Calculating Goodwill Impairment: Valuation Issues Raised by Financial Accounting Statement 1421 by Dr. Stanley Jay Feldman Chairman, Axiom Valuation Solutions. Paying estimated taxes is one way to make sure you're giving the Internal Revenue Service enough money during the year to avoid owing a lump sum at filing time – or. ListenData: Calculating Concordant, Discordant and Tied Pairs. Interpretation of Concordant, Discordant and Tied Percent Percent Concordant : Percentage of pairs. USEFUL RESOURCES FOR ONLINE LEARNING: Mergener, M.A. (1991). A preliminary study to determine the amount of continuing education credit to award for home study. Using an online tax refund calculator can show you how much your refund will be in 2017. See which two websites have the best tax refund calculators, estimators for.For example, in the Southeast, a qualified licensed electrician might have a base pay rate of less than $1. In the North or Midwest, the base pay rate might be over $5. Therefore I have elected to use $2. Shop average labor rate. The shop average labor rate can be determined in any number of ways, but I prefer to divide the total field labor cost for the past 1. See Table 1 for an example of this method. But be careful! If you bid a commercial job using the average shop labor rate of $1. The difference between the two figures is especially important when you factor in labor burden, overhead, and profit. If you bid a residential job using the average shop labor rate of $1. Job average labor rate. The job average method is one way of determining the labor rate for a job. This method requires you to anticipate the job crew, their skills, and their wage for the duration of the job. To determine this rate, calculate the number of persons on the job and their average rate. Naturally, this requires you to know the difficulty level of the job and how you expect to man the job. If you incorrectly estimate how the job will be manned, you could end up with an overqualified crew and increased labor costs. At the other end of the spectrum, an incorrect estimate could leave you with a less- skilled staff, and this can result in a significant increase of labor hours and a likely increase in labor costs. Using the shop average labor rate of $2. Commercial jobs require highly skilled and experienced electricians. The job average labor rate of $2. Table 2) is higher than the shop average labor rate of $1. Electricians working on a residential housing project need not be as skilled. As a result, the job average labor rate of $1. Table 3) is much lower than the shop average labor rate of $1. Labor Burden. You also must not forget to include in the estimate other related labor costs such as payroll taxes, insurance, vacation pay, holiday pay, sick pay, and pension. Typically, labor burden represents 3. The labor rate that union contractors use in their estimates includes many of the labor burden items discussed above. As a result, the labor rate for a union electrician appears to be much higher than a nonunion electrician. But once labor burden and productivity are factored into the nonunion labor rate, practically no difference in wages exists between highly skilled and productive union and nonunion electricians. Once you've got the different labor rates straight, estimating your labor costs will be much easier. And with this knowledge, you're ready to tackle next month's topic, material cost. Calculating The Value Of Human Tissue Donation : NPR. Chris Truitt holds a photo of his daughter, Alyssa, who died when she was 2, at his home in De Forest Wis. After donating her organs and tissues, he decided on a career change that made him rethink tissue donation. Narayan Mahon for NPR. Narayan Mahon for NPR. Chris Truitt holds a photo of his daughter, Alyssa, who died when she was 2, at his home in De Forest Wis. After donating her organs and tissues, he decided on a career change that made him rethink tissue donation. Narayan Mahon for NPR. Part 1 of a four- part series. The story of how Chris Truitt went from being a tissue industry insider to an industry skeptic starts with a family tragedy. In 1. 99. 9, his 2- year- old daughter, Alyssa, died of a sudden health complication. Truitt and his wife, Holly, donated their daughter's organs and tissue, which saved the life of another young girl, Kaylin Arrowood. A family photo of Alyssa Truitt. Courtesy of the Truitt family. Courtesy of the Truitt family. A family photo of Alyssa Truitt. Courtesy of the Truitt family. The Truitts became close friends with Kaylin's family and then advocates together, telling others to donate. That led to a career change for Truitt, who took a job on the tissue side of the business for the organ bank in Madison, Wis., where he lived. Most people are familiar with organ donation, especially as it's portrayed on television or in movies: There's the image of an organ getting thrown into a cooler, packed with dry ice. Then there's the race against time as it's flown off to some other hospital where a patient waits for lifesaving surgery."Tissue donation was totally different, and I knew it going into it," says Truitt, who worked in the tissue- donation industry for several years before quitting. We're recovering skin, bones, tendons, heart valves, veins, those sorts of things."Tissue is anything that's not a live organ and can be recovered from a dead body. It can then be turned into scores of medical products. Every year, 1. 5 million of these products are given to American patients. A tendon from a cadaver can be used to repair a torn ACL; veins are used in heart bypass operations. Dental implants can be made from ground- up human bone, turned into a paste. Bone also gets turned into screws and plates that look like something found in hardware stores. Surgeons can use them to repair a broken leg."When you die, you don't need your skin anymore. But that 6- year- old burn victim, lying in the hospital, could really use it," says Truitt. Your heart valves can go to a father of four who's having some serious heart issues and without those valves could die. By giving what you no longer need, you're still helping and in a way, you're kind of still living on."Still, while that may sound like he's endorsing tissue donation, this one- time industry insider no longer feels that way — at least, for now."I've struggled with that decision for many years now, and the answer is no: I will not donate my tissues," he says. Tissue donation, at the base level, at what I described of helping somebody else live a better life is a phenomenal thing. But unfortunately, just as easy as your tissues can go to something like that, they can also go to penile implants, for example."The human tissue industry is full of contradictions like that. Tissue can save or better someone's life, but sometimes it will go to plump up lips and smooth wrinkles. It starts with an act of generosity. Families, like the Truitts, donate bodies. But that altruism can turn to profit. Tissue companies — by the industry's own estimates — make more than $1 billion a year. It's estimated that the tissue off of a single body can generate revenues of $8. Tissue grafts help 5. For many people, the first time they think about tissue donation is when they get a phone call from someone at a tissue bank after a loved one has died. More than 1. 01 million Americans have signed up to be organ and tissue donors —often when they get or renew a driver's license. That's a legally binding designation in every state, even though people who have signed up often don't know how tissue donation works or how tissue is used. After someone dies, a representative of a tissue bank will first call a family member to go through a screening questionnaire to make sure the person didn't die of a disease that would rule out using that tissue. Often family members don't know that a loved one consented to donate tissue. Tissue banks will decline to take a body if family members raise objections. In the U. S., about 3. Tissue recovery has to start about 2. Then the body is turned over to people who work on tissue- procurement teams, like Truitt. A Salvager's Job. Truitt was hired in 2. SUV, and go where a dead body had just been donated. He would go with hammers and metal wedges to pop out bones. He carried a special tool for cutting skin, called a dermatone. Important Dates In The History Of Tissue Donation. First successful human- to- human bone transplant. First use of skin from a cadaver used for burn victim. First knee transplant from a cadaver. First bone- and tissue- processing and storage facility opened at the U. S. Naval Medical Center. First heart valve and artery transplants. The American Association of Tissue Banks was established to set safety, ethical, inspection and accreditation standards. There are more than 2. The number of tissue transplants each year reaches 5. Federal regulations require hospitals to notify local organ- procurement organizations when someone dies so they can ask the family if it would like to donate organs and tissues."It's kind of like, to describe it very crudely, it's kind of a cross between a cheese grater and an electric razor," he says. It takes a surgeon to remove an organ. If a heart, lung or kidney gets damaged, it can't be transplanted. But taking tissue is more of a salvage job. Truitt received on- the- job training from his co- workers at Allograft Resources of Wisconsin."It's actually a very brutal procedure and there really isn't a way to do it to make it less brutal. I mean we had to pull the bones out. That's all there is to it," he says. Pulling out arm bones or pulling out leg bones. We're cutting the chest open to pull the heart out to get at the valves. We're peeling veins off the inside of skin."Tissue recovery teams pride themselves on their ability to take skin and bones and then reconstruct a body so that no one can tell at an open- coffin funeral. A skilled team can shave a layer of skin so thin that the body looks like it's just got a mild sunburn. Or take out bones, but replace them with wood or plastic pipe and then stitch up the surrounding skin. A long- sleeve shirt and pants will hide the stitches. Truitt says he loved his job and the chance to do good work. A Golden Incentive"When things first started out, Allograft was a not- for- profit. It was very altruistic. It was a very, very noble thing to do," he says. So folks that wanted to give back, that wanted to be part of that incredible process were the ones that joined the teams."Instead of being stewards of the gift, instead of recovering what the family wanted and treating each donor with the ultimate in respect, the company was actually looking at each donor as a profit machine, as nothing more than raw resources, and it was our job to take as much of those resources as we possibly could. Chris Truitt. But the small nonprofit tissue bank had problems. It was cited by the federal Food and Drug Administration for sloppy record keeping and casual safety procedures. Then, one of the tissue bank's biggest customers — RTI Biologics — bought it. The for- profit tissue company emphasized better training. But Truitt says there was also a bigger emphasis on profit- making, which led to the start of a bizarre competition."It was called the Golden Dermatone Award for getting as much skin as you could off a donor," Truitt says. He explains that a representative of Life. Cell, a company that bought skin, would show up at staff meetings and hand out certificates for the technician who got the most square feet of skin off one donor. At first, Truitt, tried to win these contests."I was actually pretty into it at first. I thought it was a pretty incredible thing, until I started thinking a little bit more about .. That's when I just couldn't do that. It was just wrong."After all, Truitt had once been a donor dad, himself; that had once been his daughter on the cutting table. He says he became horrified by the contests and tried to get the tissue bank to treat donated bodies with more respect."Instead of being stewards of the gift, instead of recovering what the family wanted and treating each donor with the ultimate in respect, the company was actually looking at each donor as a profit machine, as nothing more than raw resources, and it was our job to take as much of those resources as we possibly could," he says. In 2. 00. 5, after five years as a tissue- procurement technician, Truitt says, he was forced out of his job. RTI declined to comment on Truitt's story. But Life. Cell sent NPR a statement. The company says it awarded the Golden Dermatome to tissue banks, but that this was not a contest; it was part of a training effort to improve the skills of tissue bank technicians. The more usable skin they recovered, the more patients the company could help."The plaques were discontinued as recovery skills with all of our Tissue Banks improved," the statement says. Truitt says he has struggled financially since leaving his old job, where he made close to six figures. Today, he manages a bank branch. He has also self- published a book called The Dark Side of Tissue Donation. Truitt says he doesn't want to stop tissue donation, he wants to fix it. For example, he says, tissue banks need to be more open about what it means to donate a loved one's body.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |